The Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA and partner organizations have been working to support those affected by the dam’s construction. This year, the work paid off, when, on January 16th, after a protracted battle, the US Congress passed a consolidated appropriations bill for 2014 that included restrictions on funding from the US Department of State (DOS) to Guatemala’s armed forces — and, for the first time, it links restrictions to reparations for the communities affected by the Chixoy dam.
Reparations for the Chixoy Dam
The Chixoy Hydroelectric Dam Reservoir. Photo by James Rodríguez. |
The restriction that has received the most attention in Guatemalan news relates to reparations to 33 communities impacted by the construction of the Chixoy Dam in the early 1980s. Members of these communities, including survivors of the gruesome Rio Negro massacres, have waited for over 30 years for compensation and recognition of the injustice and abuse they suffered. The legislation bars the Guatemalan army from receiving funding under the Act until DOS certifies that Guatemala is taking credible steps to implement the Reparations Plan.
The Plan, signed in 2010 by the Guatemalan Government and observers from the Banks, committed to individual and collective indemnization of approximately US $154.5 million, to be disbursed between 2011 and 2020. Nevertheless, the Plan has not yet been implemented.
In February, the organization representing the 33 communities affected by the dam — COCAHICH — released a statement reporting that, in the month after the appropriations bill was passed, the communities were neither approached by the government, the World Bank or IDB, nor were they informed of any concrete steps taken by the government to address the issue.
GHRC and partners are calling on the US Government to seek input from the communities as part of the evaluation process the bill requires. The US Appropriations Law creates a historic opportunity to finally compensate the communities that lost their land and their homes, and that continue to live in dire poverty; but if they are locked out of the process, we risk re-victimizing the very communities the law is meant to support.
The Military Ban
The bill contains another restriction related to ongoing and past human rights abuses committed by the Guatemalan Army. The language accompanying the bill bars DOS from granting funds from the Foreign Military Financing Program to the army until the Secretary of State certifies that the army is meeting certain conditions. The restriction is narrow, and still allows funding under this program to the rest of Guatemala’s armed forces.
That doesn’t mean that the restriction isn’t significant, though, or that it isn’t a thorn in the side of the Guatemalan government. The conditions state that to receive these funds, the Guatemalan Army has to:
1) Have a narrowly defined mission focused on border security and external threats, and a credible plan to end the army’s involvement in internal law enforcement;
2) Cooperate with civilian investigations and prosecutions of human rights cases involving current and retired military officers;
3) Publicly disclose all military archival documents relating to the internal armed conflict in a timely manner in response to requests by civilian judicial authorities.
What the bill is implicitly saying is that the Appropriations Committees believe that the Guatemalan Army currently doesn’t meet these criteria, and that’s the rub.
On the first point, Guatemala is clearly and unapologetically moving in the opposite direction. Under President Pérez Molina’s leadership, the Guatemalan army has been consistently deployed to carry out tasks that would normally fall to the police; soldiers have been stationed in various parts of the capitol to combat crime and insecurity, checkpoints were set up on highways across the country, and several army bases have opened in parts of the interior. In addition, the current government has imposed a form of martial law 13 times, putting the army in temporary control of the population.
The Guatemalan government has also taken steps backward on the disclosure of military documents. In January of 2013, the Defense Ministry classified documents from 1982 requested by the Human Rights Prosecutor’s Office claiming that the information is still current and could endanger national security. There is also fear that many documents from the internal armed conflict were destroyed or remain hidden, despite a heavily publicized declassification process which began in 2011. In the archive created, which is supposed to cover the entire 36 year civil war in Guatemala, there are only 12,200 documents. By comparison, Guatemala’s police archive contains 80 million.
With the passage of the Appropriations Bill, it now falls to DOS to keep the pressure on Guatemala, and not just act as a rubber stamp. The conditions are not a way for the US to insert itself in Guatemala’s internal affairs, but instead a tool to ensure that we’re not exacerbating an already explosive human rights situation, and instead supporting the ongoing struggle for justice.
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